After reading several posts here (including [1] and [2]) and testing with WordPress 4.5.3 using Twenty Sixteen as parent theme, I think the following (in functions.php) code must be correct:
function childtheme_enqueue_styles() {
$parent_style = 'twentysixteen-style';
wp_enqueue_style(
$parent_style,
get_template_directory_uri() . '/style.css'
);
wp_enqueue_style(
'childtheme-style',
get_stylesheet_directory_uri() . '/style.css',
array( $parent_style ),
wp_get_theme()->get('Version')
);
}
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'childtheme_enqueue_styles' );
It loads the parent stylesheet (with parent theme version number) and then the child theme stylesheet (with child theme version number). This seems to enable independent cache busting.
I also read the documentation and was so confident that I updated it to reflect my findings …
PS! My reputation is too low to comment or to post a new answer to one of the existing posts, so that is why I’m “forced” to post this as a new question. Anyway, I think the question is OK – and the docs get reviewed if I’m wrong.